ingabe imvula ingancibilika. Amanzi angahlukaniswa nge-centrifuge

1. Isingeniso se-Insoluble Precipitates kanye ne-Centrifugation

2. Isayensi Engemuva Kokuguquguqula I-Centrifugation

3. Ukusebenza Kahle Kokuhlukanisa Kwamamodeli Ahlukene E-Centrifuge

4. Ukuthuthukisa Amapharamitha E-Centrifugation Ukuze Kuhlukaniswe Ngokuphumelelayo Kwemvula

5. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Centrifugation Ezimbonini Ezihlukahlukene

6. Isiphetho: Ukusebenzisa i-Centrifugation ukuze kuhlukaniswe i-Precipitate enganyibiliki kahle

1. Isingeniso se-Insoluble Precipitates kanye ne-Centrifugation

Ama-precipitate anganyibiliki ayizinhlayiya eziqinile ezakheka lapho izinto ezimbili noma ngaphezulu zisabela esixazululweni, okuholela ekukhiqizweni kwenhlanganisela eqinile. La ma-precipitate angavela ezinqubweni ezahlukene zesayensi nezezimboni, okuhlanganisa ukukhiqizwa kwamakhemikhali, ukuthuthukiswa kwemithi, kanye nokuhlaziywa kwemvelo. Enye yezindlela ezivame kakhulu ezisetshenziswa ukuhlukanisa ama-precipitate anganyibiliki esixazululweni i-centrifugation.

I-Centrifugation iyindlela esebenzisa izimiso zokuthuthwa kanye namandla adonsela phansi ukuze kuhlukaniswe izinhlayiya eziqinile engxubeni yoketshezi. Kuhilela ukusetshenziswa kwedivayisi ejikelezayo ngesivinini esikhulu, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-centrifuge, esebenzisa amandla e-centrifugal kusampula. La mandla abangela izinhlayiya ezixineneyo, njengezinhlayiya ezinganyibiliki, ukuba zithuthele phansi kwepayipi le-centrifuge, okuvumela ukuhlukaniswa kwazo noketshezi olungaphezulu.

2. Isayensi Engemuva Kokuguquguqula I-Centrifugation

Ukushintshashintsha kwe-centrifugation kuncike ekwehlukeni kobukhulu nobukhulu bezinhlayiya ngaphakathi kwengxube. Uma isampula ifakwa eshubhu le-centrifuge futhi ivinjelwa ngesivinini esikhulu sokujikeleza, amandla e-centrifugal asebenza "njengomdonsi wokwenziwa" futhi asheshise izinhlayiya ziye phansi kweshubhu. La mandla alingana ngqo nesivinini sokujikeleza futhi alingana ngokuphambene ne-radius evela enkabeni yokujikeleza.

Njengoba isampula ijikeleza, izinhlayiya ezincane nezingenasisindo zihlala zilenga oketshezini futhi zikhishwa kalula. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izinhlayiya ezinkulu nezinobunzima, njengezinhlayiya ezinganyibiliki, ziqoqana ngokushesha phansi kwepayipi ngenxa yokungakwazi kwazo ukuhlala zilenga ngokumelene namandla e-centrifugal asetshenziswayo. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwenziwa lula ukwakheka kwe-pellet, inqwaba yezinhlayiya eziqinile ezihlanganisiwe phansi kwepayipi le-centrifuge.

3. Ukusebenza Kahle Kokuhlukanisa Kwamamodeli Ahlukene E-Centrifuge

Ukusebenza kahle kokuhlukaniswa kwama-precipitate angancibiliki kusetshenziswa i-centrifugation kuncike kakhulu kumodeli ye-centrifuge esetshenzisiwe. Imiklamo ehlukene ye-centrifuge, njenge-high-speed, i-ultracentrifuges, kanye ne-refrigerated centrifuges, ibonakala ngokushintshashintsha kwesivinini esiphezulu sokujikeleza, ukulawulwa kwezinga lokushisa, kanye nohlobo lwe-rotor esetshenziswayo. Lezi zici zidlala indima ebalulekile ekufinyeleleni imiphumela emihle yokuhlukaniswa.

Ama-centrifuge anesivinini esikhulu angafinyelela isivinini esifinyelela ku-20,000 revolutions ngomzuzu (rpm), kuyilapho ama-ultracentrifuge ekwazi ukukhiqiza isivinini esingaphezu kuka-100,000 rpm. Uma isivinini sokujikeleza siphezulu, kulapho amandla e-centrifugal asetshenziswa khona aphezulu, okuholela ekusebenzeni kahle kokuhlukanisa okuthuthukisiwe. Ama-centrifuge afakwe esiqandisini, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ahlinzeka ngokulawula izinga lokushisa phakathi nenqubo ukuvimbela ukuwohloka kokushisa kwamasampula azwelayo.

4. Ukuthuthukisa Amapharamitha E-Centrifugation Ukuze Kuhlukaniswe Ngokuphumelelayo Kwemvula

Ukuze kufezwe ukuhlukaniswa okuphumelelayo kwama-precipitate angancibiliki, kufanele kucatshangelwe futhi kulungiselelwe kahle imingcele eminingana. Ukukhethwa kwesivinini se-centrifuge esifanele kanye nobude besikhathi kubalulekile, njengoba ukudlula isivinini esibalulekile se-precipitate ethile kungabangela ukuthi izinhlayiya ezifiselekayo kakhulu ziphinde zimiswe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izikhathi ezinde ze-centrifugation zingaholela ekwakhekeni kwama-precipitate esibili noma ukuhlanganiswa kwezinhlayiya ezingafuneki.

Ukukhetha i-rotor efanelekile kubaluleke ngokulinganayo ukuqinisekisa ukuhlukaniswa okuhle. Ama-rotor angama-fixed-angle afaneleka kakhulu ekuthuthweni kwezinhlayiya okusheshayo ngamanani amancane, kuyilapho ama-rotor ebhakede elijikayo efanelekile kumavolumu amakhulu esampula kanye nama-gradients. Ukulinganisa okufanele kwe-rotor ye-centrifuge nakho kubalulekile ukuvimbela umonakalo ongaba khona emishinini nasekulahlekelweni kwesampula.

5. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Centrifugation Ezimbonini Ezihlukahlukene

Ukuxuba i-centrifuge kudlala indima ebalulekile ezisetshenzisweni eziningi zesayensi nezimboni. Embonini yezemithi, ama-centrifuge asetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokwenziwa kwemithi kanye nezinqubo zokuthuthukiswa kwayo, okuvumela ukuhlukaniswa kwezithako zezemithi ezisebenzayo nokungcola noma imikhiqizo elandelanayo. Emkhakheni wokuhlaziywa kwemvelo, ukuxuba i-centrifuge kusiza ekuhlukaniseni izinto ezincane ezivela kumasampula amanzi angcolile, okusiza ezinqubweni zokuhlanza amanzi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-centrifugation isetshenziswa kabanzi emalabhorethri ocwaningo lwezinto eziphilayo ukuhlukanisa izingxenye zamaseli, njengeprotheni, i-DNA, kanye nama-organelle amaseli. Le ndlela yokuhlukanisa ibalulekile ekufundeni izakhiwo zamaseli nokuqonda imisebenzi yamaseli. I-centrifugation ithola nezicelo ezimbonini zokudla neziphuzo, lapho yenza kube lula ukuhlukaniswa kwezinto eziqinile ezingafuneki emikhiqizweni yoketshezi, iqinisekise imikhiqizo yokugcina esezingeni eliphezulu.

6. Isiphetho: Ukusebenzisa i-Centrifugation ukuze kuhlukaniswe i-Precipitate enganyibiliki kahle

I-Centrifugation inikeza indlela enamandla nesetshenziswa kabanzi yokuhlukanisa ama-precipitate angancibiliki ezingxubeni zoketshezi. Ukuqonda izimiso ezingemuva kwe-centrifugation kanye nezici ezithonya ukusebenza kahle kokuhlukanisa kubalulekile ekufinyeleleni imiphumela emihle kakhulu. Ngokukhethwa okufanele kanye nokwenza ngcono amapharamitha e-centrifuge, ososayensi nonjiniyela bangahlukanisa ngempumelelo futhi bathole ama-precipitate abalulekile, okuvumela ukuhlaziywa okwengeziwe kanye nokusetshenziswa ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene.